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AI Fundamentals: How Large Language Models Actually Work

by Froga

Tokens, parameters, attention, hallucination — the mechanics behind ChatGPT and every model like it, explained once so the vocabulary stops being intimidating.

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Study material

Tokens can be whole words or just fragments of one — "unbelievable" might become three tokens. The model always works over a sequence of tokens; it never reads raw characters the way a person does.

Before generating a reply, a large language model first breaks the input text into small pieces called...

multiple choice

tokens
packets
vectors
bytes
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